حق و عقل: اخلاق مبتنی بر آموزه های ارسطو و سنت توماس آکویناس [کتاب انگلیسی] | کتابخانه مجازی الفبا

Table of contents :
CONTENTS
1. ETHICS AS A STUDY
The Good Life, Origin of Ethics, What Ethics Studies, Relation to Other Studies, Ethics as a
Science, The Emotive Theory, Ethics as an Art, Presuppositions of Ethics, Method of Ethics,
Definition and Division of Ethics
2. THE GOOD
Problem, The End and the Good, Ethical Relativism, The Last End or Highest Good, One and the Same
Last End, The Last End and Moral Goodness
3. HAPPINESS
Problem, Meaning of Happiness, All Men Seek Happiness, Two Views of Happiness, Three
Stages of the Question, Happiness, Man's Last End, Is Attainable, Questions on the Argument




4. PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS
Problem, Hedonism, Utilitarianism, Stoicism, Evolutionism, Process of Elimination, Goods of
Fortune, Man Himself, Goods of Body, Goods of Soul, Knowledge, Virtue, Goods of Body and Soul
Together, Pleasure, Self-Realization, God, Synopsis, Positive Argument, Natural and Supernatural
Happiness, Questions and Remarks












5. THE HUMAN ACT
Problem, Conduct and the Last End, Human Acts, Psychological Background, Commanded Acts, Ethical
Constitution of the Human Act, Knowledge, Voluntariness, Freedom, Consequences of Voluntariness


















6. VOLUNTARINESS
Problem, Positive and Negative Voluntariness, Attention and Intention, Foreseen Consequences of
Voluntary Acts, Modifiers of Voluntariness, Ignorance, Passion, Fear, Force, Habit
7. MORALITY
Problem, Meaning of Morality, The State, Custom, What is Custom? Some Customs Never
Abolished, Some Acts Never Customary, Divine Decree, Conclusions


8. THE NORM OF MORALITY
Problem, Meaning of a Norm, The Moral Sense Theory, Criticism, Right Reason, Setting Up the Norm,
Human Nature Taken Completely, Proof for the Norm of Morality, Proximate Norm, Ultimate Norm







9. SOURCES OF MORALITY
Problem, The Act Itself, The Motive, The Circumstances, Practical Application, Principle
of Double Effect, Existence of Morally Indifferent Acts, Internal and External Act













10. LAW
Problem, Meaning of Law, Definition of Law, Law and Freedom, Kinds of Law


















11. NATURAL LAW
Eternal Law, Definition of Natural Law, Problems, Possibility of the Natural Law, Existence of the
Natural Law, Knowledge of the Natural Law, Levels in the Knowledge of Natural Law, Argument,
Apparent Exceptions, Unchangeableness of the Natural Law, Questions on the Argument

























12. OBLIGATION AND SANCTION
Problem, Kant's Autonomous Morality, Criticism, True Nature of Obligation, All Obligation Through
Natural Law, Sanction, Imperfect Sanction in This Life, Perfect Sanction Hereafter, Gain or Loss
of Man's Last End
































13. CONSCIENCE
Problem, Meaning of Conscience, Deriving the Judgment of Conscience, Kinds of Conscience, Always
Obey a Certain Conscience, Never Act With a Doubtful Conscience, Forming One's Conscience, Reflex
Principles, The Morally Safer Course, A Doubtful Law, Systems of Probability, Conclusion








































14. VIRTUE
Procedure, Habit, Virtue, Intellectual Virtues, Moral Virtues, Cardinal Virtues,
Prudence, Temperance, Fortitude, Justice













































15. RIGHTS AND DUTIES
Problems, Meaning of Right, Components of a Right, The Subject of a Right Can Be Only a Person,
The Term of a Right Must Also Be a Person, The Matter of a Right Can Never Be a Person, The Title
Is the Reason Why This Particular Concrete Right Exists, Natural Rights, The State, Contract,
Concept of Freedom, Custom, Proof for Natural Rights, Right and Might, Duties, Conflict of Rights
and Duties, Excuses From Duty






















































16. WORSHIP
Transition to Applied Ethics, Natural Religion, Divine Worship, Problem, Obligation to Worship,


Interior and Exterior Worship, Civic Worship, Answers to Objections, Vices Opposed to Religion,
Natural Law and Revelation





17. LIFE
Problem, Suicide, Suicide Is Against the Natural Law, Questions on the Argument, Murder,
Euthanasia, Feticide and Abortion, Opposing Arguments, Self-Defense, Conditions of a Blameless
Self-Defense, Why Self-Defense Is Lawful, Unintentional Aggression, Goods Equivalent to Life












18. HEALTH AND SAFETY
Problem, Risk to Life, Care of Health, Mutilation, Sterilization

















19. TRUTHFULNESS
Problem, Meaning of a Lie, Conventionality of Speech, Lying and Deception, Wrongness of Lying,
Questions on the Arguments, Secrets, Why We Must Keep Secrets, Extent of This Duty, Mental
Reservation, Conclusion
























20. JUSTICE AND CONTRACTS
Problem, Justice in Human Acts, Nature of a Contract, Validity of Contracts, Contracting Parties,
Matter of a Contract, Mutual Consent





























21. CHARITY
Problem, Love and Hate, Enmity and Forgiveness, Aid in Distress, Scandal, Cooperation in Evil


































22. SOCIETY
Problem, Why Men Live in Society, Society Natural to Man, Definition of Society, The Common Good,
Kinds of Society, Authority Essential to Society, Source of Authority







































23. THE FAMILY
Domestic Society, Marriage, Problem, Marriage a Natural Institution; Remarks on the Argument,
Primary and Secondary Ends of Marriage, Birth Control, Properties of Marriage, Polygamy, Divorce,
The Marriage Contract, Conclusion














































24. THE STATE
Problems, Natural Origin Theory, Plato, Aristotle, Restatement of Aristotle's Argument, Social
Contract Theory, Hobbes, Rousseau, Locke, Criticism of the Social Contract, Self-Sufficiency and
Sovereignty, The State and the Person, Structure of the State





















































25. GOVERNMENT
Problems, Recipient of Authority, Divine Right of Kings, Theory of Popular Consent, Patriarchal
Theory, Judgment on These Opinions, Forms of Government, Government Interference,


Definition of the State




26. CIVIL LAW
Problems, Need for Positive Law, The Law of Nations, Obligation of Civil Law, Purely Penal Laws,
Punishment, Basis of Punishment, Capital Punishment, Taxation, Protection of Citizens' Freedoms,
Free Speech, Freedom of Conscience, Rebellion and Revolution










27. EDUCATION
Problem, Parents' Primary Right, Rights of State and Church, Schools, Academic Freedom,
Teacher's Relations to Pupils, To Parents, To the School, To the Community
















28. PROPERTY
Problem, Ownership, Property as Sustenance, Theft, Economic Systems, Private Property as an
Economic System, The Jus Gentium Basis for Private Property, The Natural Law Basis for Private
Property























29. TITLES TO PROPERTY
Problem, Property Titles, Occupancy, Labor, Gift, Trade, Inheritance, Accession, Prescription,
Property Contracts, Buying and Selling, The Just Price, Monopoly, Partnership, Interest, Contracts
of Chance





























30. WORK AND WAGES
Problem, The Wage System, Minimum Just Wage, Employment, Labor Unions, Strikes, The Direct
Strike, The Sympathetic Strike, The General Strike, Lockouts and Boycotts, Conclusion



































31. COMMUNISM AND SOCIALISM
Problem, History of Utopian Schemes, Explanation of Marxism, Philosophy: Dialectical Materialism,
History: Economic Determinism, Economics: Surplus-Value, Sociology: Progressive Pauperization,
Politics: The Revolution, Evaluation of Marxism, Criticism of Dialectical Materialism, Criticism
of Economic Determinism, Criticism of Surplus-Value, Criticism of Progressive Pauperization,
Criticism of the Revolution, Socialism, Conclusion












































32. SOCIAL ORDER
Problem, Attitudes Toward Economic Life, Competition and Cooperation, Class Antagonism and
Solidarity, Statism and Subsidiarity, Bigness and Decentralization, Technology and Leisure,
Conclusion


















































33. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Problem, History, Definition, Is International Law Really Law? States Are Bound by the Natural Law,
International Justice, Independence, Entirety, Property, Colonization, Free Action, Treaties,
International Good Will, Nationalism, Intervention, Conclusion

34. WAR
Problem, St. Augustine on Peace, St. Thomas on War, Definition of War, War Not Intrinsically
Wrong, Conditions of a Just War, Lawful Authority, Just Cause, Right Intention, Right Use of
Means, Conclusion
35. PEACE
History, Problem, International Organization Is Necessary, Limitation of Sovereignty, Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY