فلسفه قرون وسطی مسیحی 4- فلسفه متاخر قرون وسطی توماس آکوئیناس English TAN Books 2015 Table of contents :,CONTENTS,1. ETHICS AS A STUDY,The Good Life, Origin of Ethics, What Ethics Studies, Relation to Other Studies, Ethics as a,Science, The Emotive Theory, Ethics as an Art, Presuppositions of Ethics, Method of Ethics,,Definition and Division of Ethics,2. THE GOOD,Problem, The End and the Good, Ethical Relativism, The Last End or Highest Good, One and the Same,Last End, The Last End and Moral Goodness,3. HAPPINESS,Problem, Meaning of Happiness, All Men Seek Happiness, Two Views of Happiness, Three,Stages of the Question, Happiness, Man's Last End, Is Attainable, Questions on the Argument,4. PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS,Problem, Hedonism, Utilitarianism, Stoicism, Evolutionism, Process of Elimination, Goods of,Fortune, Man Himself, Goods of Body, Goods of Soul, Knowledge, Virtue, Goods of Body and Soul,Together, Pleasure, Self-Realization, God, Synopsis, Positive Argument, Natural and Supernatural,Happiness, Questions and Remarks,5. THE HUMAN ACT,Problem, Conduct and the Last End, Human Acts, Psychological Background, Commanded Acts, Ethical,Constitution of the Human Act, Knowledge, Voluntariness, Freedom, Consequences of Voluntariness,6. VOLUNTARINESS,Problem, Positive and Negative Voluntariness, Attention and Intention, Foreseen Consequences of,Voluntary Acts, Modifiers of Voluntariness, Ignorance, Passion, Fear, Force, Habit,7. MORALITY,Problem, Meaning of Morality, The State, Custom, What is Custom? Some Customs Never,Abolished, Some Acts Never Customary, Divine Decree, Conclusions,8. THE NORM OF MORALITY,Problem, Meaning of a Norm, The Moral Sense Theory, Criticism, Right Reason, Setting Up the Norm,,Human Nature Taken Completely, Proof for the Norm of Morality, Proximate Norm, Ultimate Norm,9. SOURCES OF MORALITY,Problem, The Act Itself, The Motive, The Circumstances, Practical Application, Principle,of Double Effect, Existence of Morally Indifferent Acts, Internal and External Act,10. LAW,Problem, Meaning of Law, Definition of Law, Law and Freedom, Kinds of Law,11. NATURAL LAW,Eternal Law, Definition of Natural Law, Problems, Possibility of the Natural Law, Existence of the,Natural Law, Knowledge of the Natural Law, Levels in the Knowledge of Natural Law, Argument,,Apparent Exceptions, Unchangeableness of the Natural Law, Questions on the Argument,12. OBLIGATION AND SANCTION,Problem, Kant's Autonomous Morality, Criticism, True Nature of Obligation, All Obligation Through,Natural Law, Sanction, Imperfect Sanction in This Life, Perfect Sanction Hereafter, Gain or Loss,of Man's Last End,13. CONSCIENCE,Problem, Meaning of Conscience, Deriving the Judgment of Conscience, Kinds of Conscience, Always,Obey a Certain Conscience, Never Act With a Doubtful Conscience, Forming One's Conscience, Reflex,Principles, The Morally Safer Course, A Doubtful Law, Systems of Probability, Conclusion,14. VIRTUE,Procedure, Habit, Virtue, Intellectual Virtues, Moral Virtues, Cardinal Virtues,,Prudence, Temperance, Fortitude, Justice,15. RIGHTS AND DUTIES,Problems, Meaning of Right, Components of a Right, The Subject of a Right Can Be Only a Person,,The Term of a Right Must Also Be a Person, The Matter of a Right Can Never Be a Person, The Title,Is the Reason Why This Particular Concrete Right Exists, Natural Rights, The State, Contract,,Concept of Freedom, Custom, Proof for Natural Rights, Right and Might, Duties, Conflict of Rights,and Duties, Excuses From Duty,16. WORSHIP,Transition to Applied Ethics, Natural Religion, Divine Worship, Problem, Obligation to Worship,,Interior and Exterior Worship, Civic Worship, Answers to Objections, Vices Opposed to Religion,,Natural Law and Revelation,17. LIFE,Problem, Suicide, Suicide Is Against the Natural Law, Questions on the Argument, Murder,,Euthanasia, Feticide and Abortion, Opposing Arguments, Self-Defense, Conditions of a Blameless,Self-Defense, Why Self-Defense Is Lawful, Unintentional Aggression, Goods Equivalent to Life,18. HEALTH AND SAFETY,Problem, Risk to Life, Care of Health, Mutilation, Sterilization,19. TRUTHFULNESS,Problem, Meaning of a Lie, Conventionality of Speech, Lying and Deception, Wrongness of Lying,,Questions on the Arguments, Secrets, Why We Must Keep Secrets, Extent of This Duty, Mental,Reservation, Conclusion,20. JUSTICE AND CONTRACTS,Problem, Justice in Human Acts, Nature of a Contract, Validity of Contracts, Contracting Parties,,Matter of a Contract, Mutual Consent,21. CHARITY,Problem, Love and Hate, Enmity and Forgiveness, Aid in Distress, Scandal, Cooperation in Evil,22. SOCIETY,Problem, Why Men Live in Society, Society Natural to Man, Definition of Society, The Common Good,,Kinds of Society, Authority Essential to Society, Source of Authority,23. THE FAMILY,Domestic Society, Marriage, Problem, Marriage a Natural Institution; Remarks on the Argument,,Primary and Secondary Ends of Marriage, Birth Control, Properties of Marriage, Polygamy, Divorce,,The Marriage Contract, Conclusion,24. THE STATE,Problems, Natural Origin Theory, Plato, Aristotle, Restatement of Aristotle's Argument, Social,Contract Theory, Hobbes, Rousseau, Locke, Criticism of the Social Contract, Self-Sufficiency and,Sovereignty, The State and the Person, Structure of the State,25. GOVERNMENT,Problems, Recipient of Authority, Divine Right of Kings, Theory of Popular Consent, Patriarchal,Theory, Judgment on These Opinions, Forms of Government, Government Interference,,Definition of the State,26. CIVIL LAW,Problems, Need for Positive Law, The Law of Nations, Obligation of Civil Law, Purely Penal Laws,,Punishment, Basis of Punishment, Capital Punishment, Taxation, Protection of Citizens' Freedoms,,Free Speech, Freedom of Conscience, Rebellion and Revolution,27. EDUCATION,Problem, Parents' Primary Right, Rights of State and Church, Schools, Academic Freedom,,Teacher's Relations to Pupils, To Parents, To the School, To the Community,28. PROPERTY,Problem, Ownership, Property as Sustenance, Theft, Economic Systems, Private Property as an,Economic System, The Jus Gentium Basis for Private Property, The Natural Law Basis for Private,Property,29. TITLES TO PROPERTY,Problem, Property Titles, Occupancy, Labor, Gift, Trade, Inheritance, Accession, Prescription,,Property Contracts, Buying and Selling, The Just Price, Monopoly, Partnership, Interest, Contracts,of Chance,30. WORK AND WAGES,Problem, The Wage System, Minimum Just Wage, Employment, Labor Unions, Strikes, The Direct,Strike, The Sympathetic Strike, The General Strike, Lockouts and Boycotts, Conclusion,31. COMMUNISM AND SOCIALISM,Problem, History of Utopian Schemes, Explanation of Marxism, Philosophy: Dialectical Materialism,,History: Economic Determinism, Economics: Surplus-Value, Sociology: Progressive Pauperization,,Politics: The Revolution, Evaluation of Marxism, Criticism of Dialectical Materialism, Criticism,of Economic Determinism, Criticism of Surplus-Value, Criticism of Progressive Pauperization,,Criticism of the Revolution, Socialism, Conclusion,32. SOCIAL ORDER,Problem, Attitudes Toward Economic Life, Competition and Cooperation, Class Antagonism and,Solidarity, Statism and Subsidiarity, Bigness and Decentralization, Technology and Leisure,,Conclusion,33. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,Problem, History, Definition, Is International Law Really Law? States Are Bound by the Natural Law,,International Justice, Independence, Entirety, Property, Colonization, Free Action, Treaties,,International Good Will, Nationalism, Intervention, Conclusion,34. WAR,Problem, St. Augustine on Peace, St. Thomas on War, Definition of War, War Not Intrinsically,Wrong, Conditions of a Just War, Lawful Authority, Just Cause, Right Intention, Right Use of,Means, Conclusion,35. PEACE,History, Problem, International Organization Is Necessary, Limitation of Sovereignty, Conclusion,BIBLIOGRAPHY text Fagothey, Austin Author آکویناس قدیس, توماس (Thomas Aquinas؛ فیلسوف ارسطویی و متکلم مسیحی ایتالیایی؛ معروف به حکیم آسمانی؛ تلفیق کننده فلسفه‌ی ارسطو با مسیحیت), 1225#1274م. 1225#1274م. Descriptor Austin Fagothey Author book 1402-11-08 1402-11-09