کتاب راهنمای فلسفه و پول پالگریو: جلد اول: اندیشه باستان و قرون وسطی [کتاب انگلیسی] | کتابخانه مجازی الفبا

Table of contents :
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
A Reversal of Fortune
Philosophy and Money
The Handbook’s Goals
What Is Philosophy? What Is Money?
Typologies of “Philosophy and Money”
Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Challenges and Limitations: Wicked Problems
Methodological Frameworks
Historical Organization
Historical Comparisons
Diversity and Inclusion
Description and Evaluation
Opening Bids
References
Part I: The Emergence of Money and the Formation of Worldviews
Chapter 2: Introduction to the Emergence of Money and the Formation of Worldviews
How do They Understand Philosophy?
How Do They Define the Nature of Money?
Moral Evaluation
What, If at All, Is the Relationship between the Introduction and Use of Money, on the One Hand, and Metaphysical Thinking about the Nature of Reality, on the Other?
References
Chapter 3: Philosophy and Money: The Ancient Near East
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Philosophy and Money in Ancient Egypt
Introduction
Philosophy
Money
Wisdom and Wealth
Wisdom and Wealth in the New Kingdom
Wisdom and Wealth in Greek and Roman Egypt
Continuity into the Christian Period
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Pre-modern Indian Philosophical Commitments and “Money”
Introduction
Some Textual and Social Background
The Art of Living: Artha, Dharma, and Kāma
Obligations: Debts and Triple-Debt
Deontology: Svadharma
The Ethics of Otherworldly Benefits: Dharmadāna
The Ethics of This-Worldly Benefits: Lābha and Lobha
Political Philosophy: Bali and Taxes
Truth: Varuṇa Rule and Judicial Wagers
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Classical Chinese Monetary Theory
The Invention of Metallic Currency
Pre-Imperial Writings on Money and Exchange
Monetary Doctrines in Guan Zi
Han Debates over Money and the Morality of Exchange
The New Consensus: The Synthesis of Theoretical Cartalism and Practical Metallism
References
Chapter 7: The Philosophy of Money in Early Judaism (500 BCE–100 CE)
Introduction
The Introduction of Money into the Levant
Coin Words
Images
Money and the Early Jewish God
Sin as Debt, Merit as Credit
Money as a Sacrificial Medium in the Jerusalem Temple
Putting Tithes into Money
Temple Finance
Nazirites and Money
Other Properties of Money
Spiritual Money Undermining the Flexibility and Stability of Real Money
Moral Charges
The Price of Blood
Alienation
Money and Its Owners
Love of Money
Money and Health
A Unified Theory of Money, Body, and Family in Raz-Nihiyeh and at Qumran
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Yorùbá Philosophy and Changing Views of Money
Introduction: Yorùbá Land and People
Yorùbá Philosophy
Methodology: What’s Ifá Got to Do with It?
Key Concepts and Assumptions in Yorùbá Philosophy
Ìmọ̀ (Knowledge) and Ọgbọ́n (Wisdom)
Òtítọ́ (Truthfulness) and Ìtẹpámọ́ṣẹ́ (Hard Work)
Agbára (Valor) and Ìgboyà (Bravery)
Money in Yorùbá Society
Yorùbá Views of Money
Changes in Yorùbá Views of Money
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Money and Metaphysics Among the Maya and Nahua
Introduction
Applying an Anthropological Lens
Money and Metaphysics in the Americas
The Maya
Maya Money
Maya Cosmology
The Nahua
Nahua Money
Nahua Philosophy
Conclusion
References
Part II: Ancient Greece
Chapter 10: Introduction to Ancient Greece
The Monetization of the Ancient Greek World
Money and Ancient Greek Philosophy
Philosophy on Money
Philosophy for Money
Philosophy as Money
References
Chapter 11: Money and Presocratic Philosophy
Introduction
The Time and Place of the Earliest Money and of the Earliest Philosophy
Cosmization
Money and the Presocratic Cosmos: Parmenides
Money and the Presocratic Cosmos: Herakleitos
References
Chapter 12: Sophists and Money
Introduction
Were the Sophists First to Charge Money for Their Wisdom?
Teaching for Pay and the Transformation of the Athenian Economy
Compensation of Wisdom Experts
Wisdom for Pay in the Poetic Tradition
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: The Oligarch, the Philosopher, and Hoarding in Plato
Introductory Remarks
Ideal Money-Ideal City Versus Real Money-Faulty Constitutions
Oligarchy, Reduplication, and Hoarding
Philosophy as Practice of Death and Hoarding
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 14: Xenophon on Money and Its Right Use
Xenophon
Xenophon on Wealth and Money
Xenophon, Economist?
Wealth and Poverty Are Relative to Need
The Human Factor Is What Really Matters
Money Is Not Bad in Itself, But…
Spartan Anti-money
Money and the Right Use of Things
Ktêmata Versus Chrêmata
Use and the Subjectivity of Wealth
Use Value Versus Exchange Value?
The Use Value of Money
Potentiality Versus Actual Use
The Socratic Doctrine of Right Use
Use and Chrêsthai
Concluding Remarks: Split Ontologies?
References
Chapter 15: The Cynics and Money
Introduction
Background: The Greeks’ Resistance to Money
Antisthenes’ Objections to Fungibility
Diogenes’ Restamping of the Currency
Confrontational Anecdotes of Exchange with Money
Money in Diogenes’ Ideal State
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Aristotle: Slavery, Inequality, and Money
Introduction
Preliminaries
Nomisma
The Two Core Texts
Money Among the Estate Manager’s Instruments
A Tool for Living Ethically
Slaves as Empty, Universal Instruments (Like Money)
Money as Adaptation to Social Environment
The Householder’s Instruments in the Wrong Hands
Money as Political Instrument
Policy Advice for Statesmen and Legislators
A Tool for Expressing the Value of Objects and of People
References
Part III: The Roman Era
Chapter 17: Introduction to the Roman Era
References
Chapter 18: Roman Mythical Thought and the Origins of Coinage
Introduction
Myth and Coinage: A Credible Couple?
Roman Myths on Coinage I: In Search of the Lost “Founding Father”
Roman Myths on Coinage II: What Is a Coin to a Roman?
Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Cicero on Money and Property
Introduction
Philosophical Foundations I: Natural Sociability
Philosophical Foundations II: The Limits of Reason
Property in De Officiis
Property, War, and Empire
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Seneca and the Uses of Money
Introduction
Seneca the Stoic Moralist
The Philosopher’s Wealth
Fighting the Fear of Poverty
Giving and Receiving
The Economy of Time
References
Chapter 21: Pliny the Elder on Money
Coinage
Money Versus Coinage
Money in Pliny’s Economic Theory
Pliny’s Thoughts on Wealth
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Coinage and Money in the Roman Jurists’ Thought
Introduction
The Institutional Feature of Money
The Notion of Pretium
Money as a Medium of Exchange
References
Chapter 23: Money in Imperial Roman Law
Introduction
Roman Law and Greek Philosophy
Imperial Roman Law
The Understanding of Money in Classical Roman Law
Paulus on Sale and Barter
Philosophical Learning
An Explanation, Not a Definition
Other Statements
Credit Money as Money
Bullion as Money
Everything as Money
The Legal Framework of Money in the Empire
The Right to Issue Coins
Penalties for Forgery
Money as a Structural Formant of the Imperial Legal System
The Taxonomy of Contracts
The Execution of Judgments (Condemnatio Pecuniaria)
Legal Issues Concerning Debts of Money
Coins in Aliam Formam
Debasement
Interest
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Rabbis, Money, and Jewish Solidarity in the Roman Empire
Introduction
Rebel and Roman Coinage
Tithes, Agricultural Redistribution, and Charity
Usury and Loans
Rabbinic Literature and Theories of Gift Exchange
References
Chapter 25: God, Money, and the 99%: Contextualizing the New Testament
Introduction
Common Contexts for the New Testament and Money
Gods, Humans, and Money in the Ancient World
Money, The New Testament, and the 99%
Finding Philosophy and Money in the Letters of Paul
Work and Welfare, Money and Mutual Aid in 2 Thessalonians
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: A Perilous Concept: Philosophies of Money in Early Christian Thought
Introduction
Philosophical Diversity
Hazardous Wealth: Ascetic Rejection
Useful Money: A Moderate Majority
Saving the Rich in Clement of Alexandria
Monetized Theology
References
Part IV: The Medieval and Renaissance Period
Chapter 27: Introduction to the Medieval and Renaissance Period
On the History of the Prohibition of Usury
Ties Between Philosophy and Money
Chapter 28: Islamic Thought on Interest and Usury
Introduction
Muslim Philosophers on Interest in Lending and Borrowing (Ribā’l-qurūḍ)
Ribā in the Divine Book of Islam
Interest (Ribā) Deflects Money from Its Function
Profit and Loss Sharing an Alternative of Interest
Ribā in Exchange, Sale, and Purchase (Ribā al-buyūʿ)
Reflections on the Rationale for Prohibiting Ribā’l-faḍl and Ribā’l-nasī’ah
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Usury in Medieval Jewish Thought
Introduction
Periodization
Literary Genres
The Role of Medieval Rabbis in the Development of Jewish Law
Dualistic Approaches to Usury
Moral Condemnation
Legal Theory
Novel Definition of Robbery Approach
Monetary Approach
Quasi-ritualistic Approach
Circumventions via a Gentile Intermediary: The Pawned Pawn, Schadennehmen, and the Gentile Straw Man
Historical Realities
Analytical Concepts
Talmudic Legal Principles
The “Pawned Pawn”
Schadennehmen (“Acceptance of Loss”)
The Gentile Straw Man
Leniencies: Loans of Produce, Buying on Credit, Mortgages, and Investments
Loans of Produce
Buying on Credit
Mortgages
Investments
Conclusion
Appendix
Notes on the Texts of Medieval Jewish Law
References
Chapter 30: Ipsius consumptive sive distraction: Money, Interest, and Capital in Thomas Aquinas
Introduction: Thomas Aquinas and the Economy
Key Concepts and Texts
The Reception of Aristotle
Methodological Considerations
Reception of Aquinas in Recent Scholarship
Thomas Aquinas and Money as Money: Summa Theologiae, IIa IIae, q. 78
Thomas Aquinas Between Aristotle and Keynes
Conclusions
References
Chapter 31: Usury in Medieval Christianity
Introduction
Setting the Scene
The Philosophical Objections to Usury
Modifications and Concessions: The Case of the Extrinsic Titles
The Decline of the Usury Doctrine: The Philosophical Objections
Concluding Remarks: What Remains of the Usury Doctrine?
References
Chapter 32: Exchanging Money for Money: Late-Scholastic Thought in Early Modern Spain
International Exchange
Merchants and Theologians
The Ethics of Exchange
Feigned Money
Justice
The Value of Money and Goods
Money as a Problem of Thought
References
Chapter 33: Money as Metaphor and Symbol: From the Patristic Era to the Twelfth Century
References
Chapter 34: Money, Debt, and Morals in Anselm of Canterbury
Introduction
Anselm’s Moral Theory and the Gift
Monetary Economy and Debt
Monetary Debt and the Creation of Money
Money in Anselm’s Ethics
Conclusion: Anselm, Friends, and Strangers
References
Chapter 35: Money and Muslim Philosophers
Introduction
Words in Classical Arabic Literature that Relate to the Monetary Phenomenon
On the Study of Words and Money
Different Concepts of Money in Arabic Philosophy
The Words of the Founding Texts of Islam that Refer to Monetary Phenomena
The Myth of Barter and the Economistic Interpretation of Money
Gold and Silver are Divine Creations
Money as a Sign of Social Relation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 36: Philosophy of Money in Islam
Introduction
Difficulties of Barter Exchange
Money Evolved as a Convention
Gold and Silver Money by Nature or Convention Only
Preservation of Just and Stable Values of Currency
Gresham’s Law
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 37: Mensurantur enim omnia nummismate: The Impact of Money and Monetization on Vital New Directions in Scholastic Philosophy, ca. 1250–1350
The Influence of Aristotle’s Discussion of Exchange in Ethics Book V
The Geometry of Monetary Exchange
Money as the Instrument of Measurement and Relation
The Role of Money in Quantifying Qualities
The Earliest Scholastic Commentaries to Ethics, Book V
Reflections on Money as an Instrument of Measurement and Relation in the Writings of the Oxford Calculators
The Impact of Money as a Working Tool and as an Instrument of Measurement, Relation, and Proportionalization
The Capacity of Money to Quantify Qualities
Reflections of Monetization in Scholastic Natural Philosophy
Nicole Oresme’s Imagination of a “Geometry of Qualities”
References
Chapter 38: The Vision of Money in the Writings of Christine de Pizan
References
Chapter 39: Philosophy of Money in Renaissance France
The Franc
The Age of Charles V
The Fifteenth Century
Humanism and Renaissance
The Protestants
Bodin and the Wars of Religion
References
Appendices
Appendix I: Vols. 1 & 2 Table of Contents
Volume 1
Section I: The Emergence of Money and the Formation of Worldviews
Section II: Ancient Greece
Section III: The Roman Era
Section IV: The Medieval and Renaissance Period
Volume 2
Section V: Early Modernity
Section VI: Late Modernity
Section VII: The Twentieth Century
Appendix II: Vols. 1 & 2 List of Contributors
Index