چکیده :
حقیقت و واقعیت از مباحث بنیادی فلسفی است که پراگماتیستها دربارۀ آن مباحث ویژهای مطرح کردهاند.
در این مقاله آرای پیرس و جیمز در این خصوص با هم تطبیق داده میشود تا به این سؤال پاسخ داده شود که چرا با اینکه پیرس بنیانگذار پراگماتیسم است، جیمز از شهرت گستردهتری برخوردار است؛ تفکر او بیشتر پیگرفته میشود و از او نیز بهعنوان مؤسس پراگماتیسم نام میبرند؟ آنچه باعث این مسئله شده، نظرگاهی است که این دو دربارۀ نظریۀ حقیقت اتخاذ کردهاند؛ ازاینرو، بررسی حقیقت و واقعیت از لحاظ معنا، اقسام، معیار و جایگاه آنها در پراگماتیسم، هم نظر آنان را در مورد این دو مبحث بهخوبی بازگو میکند و هم به پرسش این مقاله پاسخ میدهد.
پراگماتیسم بر اصل پراگماتیکی استوار است که پیرس واضع آن بوده و جیمز نیز آن را پذیرفته است.
آنان با اصل پراگماتیکی، آثار و نتایج عملی مفاهیم را میسنجند.
تمایز این دو فیلسوف در این است که پیرس اصل پراگماتیکی را اصلی منطقی دانسته، با نظریۀ معنا مرتبط میسازد و جیمز آن را با نظریۀ حقیقت گره میزند و این باعث میشود پراگماتیسم جیمز در صدر تفکرات پراگماتیستی بعدی قرار گیرد.
افزون بر این، در این مقاله به این پرسش نیز میپردازیم که آیا پراگماتیسم آنان در نظریۀ واقعیت و حقیقت، توانسته است خود را از قید فلسفۀ متافیزیکی برهاند؟ پاسخ این پرسش آن است که پیرس و جیمز دیدگاههای مؤثر وجدیدی در فلسفه مطرح کرده و برخی از اصول فلسفۀ متافیزیکی را به چالش کشیدهاند؛ اما با این همه، هنوز در چارچوب تفکر متافیزیکی میاندیشند.
the truth and reality are two fundamental philosophical concepts upon which pragmatists have specific and important discussions.
this paper compares peirce’s and james’s ideas – both of which have proposed theories that challenge traditional metaphysics - on these two fundamental concepts in order to answer two questions of (1) why james has a wider reputation, his thoughts are more pursued, and is also called the founder of pragmatism, while peirce is the founder of pragmatism; and (2) whether the two philosophers’ pragmatism in the theory of reality and truth has been able to free itself from metaphysical philosophy? to answer these questions, this paper addresses these two philosophers’ point of views toward the theory of the truth.
although, it seems that the two concepts of truth and reality have clear meanings, there is a difference of opinion among pragmatist philosophers.
therefore, investigating the meaning, types, criteria, and position of the truth and reality in pragmatism reflects these philosophers’ opinions on these two concepts and also, answers the research questions of this paper.
to answer the research questions, this paper applied a qualitative method, used a desk study, reviewed previous studies on relevant topics, and applied analytical arguments and interpretations.
this paper shows that pragmatism is based on the pragmatic maxim that peirce wrote and james also accepted.
the overall criterion of this maxim is the practical impact that are reflected in propositions, believes, and notions to evaluate their practical consequences.
in their views, although there are some literal dissimilarities between different believes, they have the same practical impact and address the same matter.
thus, they made a link between the theory and practice.
however, their views on traditional metaphysics make a distinction between these two philosophers.
peirce considers the pragmatic maxim as a logical principle, connects it to the theory of meaning, and offers different criteria - such as correspodence, compatibility, coherence, and consensus of scientific community – for evaluating the truth.
therefore, he gives a social character to the truth and takes the traditional metaphysics away from his philosophy.
james, however, ties it with the theory of the truth that make it incompatible with the traditional metaphysics and pierce’s criteria.
these characteristics put james’ pragmatism at the top of the later pragmatist thoughts.
in addition, this article explains that although both, peirce and james, proposed new and effective views on the truth and reality and relations between them and they challenged some of the principles of metaphysical philosophy.
therefore, they did not think outside the framework of metaphysical thinking, could not withdraw this position, and did not propose totally novel ideas.