مشکل شر [کتاب انگلیسی] | کتابخانه مجازی الفبا

Table of contents :
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
The Problem of Evil
Contents
Introduction and Overview
The Scope of the Problem of Evil and of Arguments
from Evil: Relevant Conceptions of God
Incompatibility Arguments versus Evidential Arguments
The Structure of the Element
1 Formulations of Arguments from Evil: Important Preliminary Issues
1.1 Axiological Terms versus Deontological Terms:
Which Should Be Used?
1.2 Highly General Propositions about Evils versus
Much More Specific Propositions
1.3 Justified Beliefs versus What Is Known in
Some Strong Sense of ‘Knowledge’
2 Incompatibility Arguments from Evil
2.1 The Existence of Suffering by Nonhuman
Animals That Are Not Persons
2.2 The Suffering by Nonhuman Animals
Is Undeserved Suffering
2.3 A Physicalist Alternative to Reincarnation?
2.4 A Soul-Making Theodicy Is Also Ruled Out
2.5 The Suffering in Question Is Not Caused
by Moral Agents
Some Comments on the Argument to this Point
2.6 Allowing Undeserved Suffering Cannot Be Justified by Appealing to the Great Good of the Existence
of Laws of Nature
2.7 Summing Up Part 1 of the Incompatibility Argument from Evil: No Nonreligious Theodicy or Defense Provides a Satisfactory Answer to the Present Incompatibility Argument from Evil
2.8 Part 2 of the Incompatibility Argument from Evil
Under What Conditions Is Allowing Undeserved Suffering
Morally Permissible?
Under What Conditions Is an Omnipotent and Omniscient Being’s Allowing Undeserved Suffering Morally Permissible?
Condition 1 Could Not Obtain for an Omnipotent
and Omniscient Being
Condition 2 Could Not Obtain for an Omnipotent
and Omniscient Being
Condition 3 Could Not Obtain for an Omnipotent
and Omniscient Being
Condition 4 Could Not Obtain for an Omnipotent
and Omniscient Being
An Omnipotent and Omniscient Being Is Never Justified
in Not Preventing Undeserved Suffering by a Sentient Nonperson
Conclusion of the Incompatibility from Evil Argument:
The Nonexistence of God
2.9 Some Comments on the Above Argument
3 Skeptical Theism: Human Epistemological Limitations and Incompatiblity Arguments from Evil
3.1 Skeptical Theism
3.2 Arguments for Skeptical Theism’s Skeptical Thesis
3.3 What Is the Rationale Behind Appealing
to Skeptical Theism?
3.4 Skeptical Theism and Incompatibility Arguments
from Evil: New Work for Skeptical Theists
4 Evidential Arguments from Evil
4.1 The Argument from Evil and Instantial Generalization
4.1.1 William Rowe’s Instantial Generalization Argument from Evil
4.1.2 The Problem with Rowe’s Argument
4.2 Purely Deductive Probabilistic Arguments from Evil
4.2.1 A Simple Argument
4.2.2 The Fundamental Problem with This Type of Argument
4.3 Abductive Arguments from Evil
4.3.1 The Idea of Abduction
4.3.2 Hume’s Discovery
4.3.3 Paul Draper and the Biological Function of Pleasure and Pain
4.3.4 Trent Dougherty’s Discovery: A Crucial Supplementation
of Draper’s Abductive Argument from Evil
4.4 Logical Probability and Fundamental Equiprobability
Principles
Equiprobability Principle 1: Families of Properties
Equiprobability Principle 2: The Interchange of Individuals
4.5 Equiprobability-Based Evidential Arguments
from Evil: An Overview
4.5.1 A Simple, Prima Facie Argument for Atheism: Atheism
as the Default Position
4.5.2 Possible Alternatives with Regard to Equiprobability
Evidential Arguments from Evil
Proposition 1: The Probability of God and the Probability
of a Single All Things Considered Evil
4.6 The Most Fundamental Equiprobability-Based Evidential
Argument from Evil: From Single Evils to Multiple Evils
4.6.1 The Case of a Single Evil – the Underlying Idea
4.6.2 Step One: The Case of a Single Prima Facie Evil
Conclusion 1: The Case of a Single Prima Facie Evil
Conclusion 2: The Relevance of a Single Evil to the Existence of God
4.6.3 Step Two: The Case of Multiple Prima Facie Evils
4.7 Is the Idea of Logical Probability Defensible?
4.8 Objections to Equiprobability-Based
Arguments from Evil?
4.8.1 Alexander Pruss
4.8.2 Richard Otte
Part 1: The Case of a Single Prima Facie Evil
Part 2: The Case of Multiple Prima Facie Evils
Summary and Conclusions
Appendix
References