چکیده :
ialectics of nature is one of the classics of marxist liturature.
engels, analysing the advances of science, demonstrates how dialectical materialism, the philosophy of marxism, corresponds to the very way in which nature unfolds.
the revolutionary advances of nineteenth century science, most notably the discovery of the cell, the law of conservation and transformation of energy, and darwinian evolution, provided the material basis for a dialectical understanding of nature.
for engels, the dialectics of human history grew out of the dialectics of nature.
throughout the work, engels battles with various unscientific schools of thought prevalent among scientists, especially idealism and vulgar materialism.
dialectics of nature deals more fully than any other work of marxism with such problems and categories of dialectics such as causality, chance (freedom) and necessity, relationship of induction and deduction, and many more.
even though unfinished, this outstanding work is amazing for its rich and profound theoretical content.
despite certain aspects being obsolete, notably some factual data and timescales, resulting from the prevailing state of natural science at that time, the general method and conception of the book remain valid today.
the book also contains engels' brilliant essay, the part played by labour in the transition from ape to man, which explains how and by what means our species originated.
it has been described by richard levins and richard lewontin as capturing "the essential feature of human evolution."
friedrich engels (1820-95) was born into a prosperous business family in barmen near dusseldorf.
although apprenticed to his father’s business firm, engel’s sympathies moved quickly in the direction of communism, an orientation which was cemented by the beginning of his lifelong collaboration with marx in 1844.
they jointly published the communist manifesto on the eve of the 1848 revolutions.
in 1850 engels moved to manchester where he eventually became a partner in his father’s firm, continuing to help marx who was engaged in writing das kapital.
on retirement in 1870, he settled in london from where his books such as anti-dühring had an immense influence on the nascent marxist movement.