علم دین، معنویت و اگزیستانسیالیسم [کتاب انگلیسی] The Science of Religion, Spirituality, and Existentialism English Elsevier; Academic Press 2020 Table of contents :,The Science of Religion, Spirituality, and Existentialism,Copyright,Contents,List of Contributors,Preface,Core existential concerns,The scope and treatment of the present volume,The broader context,References,1 Dwelling forever in the house of the lord: on the terror management function of religion,Terror management theory,The ontogeny of terror management,A brief phylogenic history of terror management,The experimental research supporting terror management theory,Research directly focused on the terror management function of religion,The association between religiosity and death anxiety,Mortality salience and investment in religiosity,Evidence that strong or bolstered religious belief reduces defensive responses to mortality salience,What about atheists?,Summary of the evidence,Broad implications of a terror management analysis of religion,WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY,The upside of religion,The downside of religion,A tale of two worldviews,A rock,A hard place,Conclusion,References,Further reading,2 Death anxiety and religious belief: a critical review,Are people afraid of death? Pt 1: Evidence from lists,Are people afraid of death? Pt 2: Evidence from scales,Are people afraid of death? Pt 3: Death anxiety and proximity to death,Are people afraid of death? Pt 4: Death anxiety and mortality salience,Are people afraid of death? Coda,Are death anxiety and religiosity correlated?,Does mortality salience increase religious belief?,Concluding remarks,References,3 Face to face with death: the role of religion in coping with suffering,How do people usually cope with existential concerns?,The existential and individual functions of religious beliefs,Conceptualizing God,When beliefs fail,Suffering elicits existential concerns,Facing death,Disasters,Terminal and chronic illness,Trauma,Religion and suffering: fighting, freezing, fleeing, or flourishing,Toward existentially resilient religion,Concluding thoughts,Acknowledgment,References,4 Near-death experiences: the mystical feeling of “crossing over” and its impact on faith and spirituality,Near-death experience phenomenology,Defining near-death experiences,Historical reports and estimated incidence of near-death experiences,Disclosure of near-death experiences,Explanatory models for near-death experiences,Physiological explanations,Psychological explanations,Psychopathological explanations,Nonmaterialist explanations,Impact of near-death experiences,References,5 Reactance and spiritual possibilities: an application of psychological reactance theory,Psychological reactance theory,Historical roots,Psychological reactance theory framework,Freedoms,Elimination and threats to freedom,Arousal of reactance,Restoration of freedom,Psychological reactance theory and religion,Question 1: Threats to religious freedom and reactance,Psychological reactance theory predictions,Supporting evidence,Impersonal freedom threats,Oppositional behavioral outcomes,Subjective outcomes,Positive evaluation,Anger and source derogation,Summary: Question 1,Question 2: Restrictive faith-based regulations and reactance,Psychological reactance theory predictions,Supporting evidence,Controlling language,Persuasive intent,Summary: Question 2,Question 3: Avoiding or minimizing reactance,Psychological reactance theory predictions,Supporting evidence,Avoiding reactance arousal,Autonomy-supportive language,Narrative,Reducing reactance arousal,Restoration postscripts,Inoculation,Message sensation value,Summary: Question 3,Future directions,Moderators,Expanding catalysts of reactance,Expanding outcomes of reactance,Conclusion,References,6 Understanding the psychology of religion: the contribution of self-determination theory,The core concepts of self-determination theory,How self-determination theory helps us understand different forms of religiosity,Self-determination theory’s perspective compared with other conceptualizations about religiosity,Different religious motivations correspond to different ways of approaching religious contents,Connection between different motivations for religious behaviors and well-being and social outcomes,The antecedents of religious internalization in the family,How larger social context could predict self-determined religiosity,Discussion and conclusion,Some practical implications,References,7 A goals perspective on religion and spirituality,The existential relevance of goals,Religion and spirituality through the lens of goals: ultimate existential concerns and subjective well-being,Subjective well-being,Sanctifying the “everyday”,Sanctifying objects,Sanctifying locations,Sanctifying behavior,Goal frustration, conflict, and religious zeal,Are religious and spiritual goals optimal for existential security?,References,8 Religion and spirituality, free will, and effective self-regulation,What is free will?,Philosophical terminology,The psychological construct of free will belief,The social-cognition of free will,Moral judgments and responsibility,Punishment and retributive versus restorative justice motives,Self-other bias in free will perceptions,Effects of free will beliefs,Prosocial behavior,Conformity,Gratitude,Religion, spirituality, and motivated action,Self-control,Rational choice,Planful behavior,Values,Behavioral change,Taking initiative,Religion and self-regulation,Self-regulation as a limited resource,Religion’s influence in facilitating effective self-regulation,Concluding remarks,References,Further reading,9 Authenticity and the true self in religion and spirituality,The historical emergence of authenticity concerns and their ties to religion,The true self and authenticity: perspectives from existential philosophy and psychology,The interplay of religion and authenticity: conceptual and empirical considerations,Having religious experiences,Self-transcendence in religious experience,The noetic quality in religious experiences,Suggestions for future research,Holding religious beliefs,Theistic beliefs,Body–soul dualism,Having a religious identity,Participating in religious communities,Religion as a means of meeting belongingness needs,Participation in religious rituals,Morality: the key to understanding the relationship between religion and authenticity?,Concluding thoughts: is religion uniquely relevant to authenticity?,References,10 Freedom as a cross to bear: choice overload, the burdens of freedom, and the benefits of constraint,Choice overload and paralysis,“Freedom,” “choice,” “autonomy,” and the “self”,Sincerity and authenticity,From “You Are What You Do” to “You Are What You Own”,Freedom, choice, and welfare: a nonmonotonic relation,Religion, spirituality, freedom, and choice,References,11 Social ostracism, religion, and existential concerns,Temporal need-threat model of ostracism,Reflexive stage,Reflective stage,Resignation stage,Religion and ostracism,Religion as a potential source of ostracism,Ostracism for religious protection,Ostracism for religious correction and (if necessary) ejection,Ostracism and God,Religion as a potential response to ostracism,Ostracism and extremism,Concluding remarks,References,Further reading,12 The holy grail of connection: I-sharing, existential isolation, and religion,Existential isolation,I-sharing,Faith-based practices and existential connection,I-sharing, intergroup outcomes, and faith,Summary,References,13 An attachment theory perspective on religion and spirituality,Attachment theory: basic concepts,Religion and attachment: normative aspects,Points of departure,Seeking and maintaining proximity to God,God as a safe haven,God as a secure base,The attachment figure is perceived to be stronger and wiser,Summary,Religion as attachment: individual differences,The correspondence pathway,The compensation pathway,Coda,References,14 A social identity approach to religion: religiosity at the nexus of personal and collective self,Religion, prejudice, and collective action,Religious orientations,Religious ideology: orthodoxy, fundamentalism, and components of right-wing authoritarianism,Specificity of prejudice targets and social identity,Social identity and the religious self,Social identity and religious opinion–based groups,SIMCA and EMSICA models of social identity and collective action,The normative alignment model of social action and opinion-based group interventions,Ideology-based social identities,A tripartite social identity normative model of religious fundamentalism,Summary of group-based models,Religion, self-structure, and personal well-being,The salience model of self-categories,Convergent perspectives from theories of the personal self,Self-complexity and the multiple self-aspects model,Complexity versus coherence,Convergent perspectives of the self from social identity theorizing,Religious identity and personal well-being,Summary of person-based models,Final summary and conclusion,References,15 Religion and the construction of identity,An existential perspective on religion and the construction of identity,Existential perspectives on identity and religion,An existential perspective on identity,An existential perspective on religion,Psychological approaches to the relation between religion and identity,A triaxial model,Common psychological approaches to religion and identity,Assimilation to personality,Assimilation to the social,Experimental existential psychology research on the religious identity,Toward an integrative model of religion and identity,Integrative approaches to the x-axis,Integrative approaches to the z-axis,Further reflections on the z-axis: secularism and existential identity,A closing note on the origin,References,16 Truth and significance: a 3N model (needs, narratives, networks) perspective on religion,Need(s),The epistemic need to know,Religiosity and the need to understand the world,Religiosity and the need to understand other people,The need for personal significance,Joint working of the two needs,Narrative,Common characteristics of religious narratives,Differences between narratives,Personal narratives,Network,Religion as a social phenomenon,Religious groups as a source of shared reality,Religious identification as a source of certainty and significance,Uniqueness of religious groups,Interplay between the 3Ns,Conclusion,References,Further reading,17 Existential uncertainty and religion,What is religion, and what is uncertainty?,Religion,Uncertainty,Informational uncertainty,Personal uncertainty,Putting the two together,Why does religion help people deal with uncertainty?,Uncertainty-identity theory,Identifying with social groups helps alleviate uncertainty,Entitative groups are especially good at alleviating uncertainty,Why are religions useful?,Reactive approach motivation theory,Uncertainty related to goal pursuit is anxiety-inducing,Zealously approaching a different goal can quell this anxiety,Why are religions useful?,Compensatory control theory,Personal and external control reassure people that the world is orderly,Why are religions useful?,System-justification theory,Construing the system in a negative light causes dissonance,Reconstruing the system in a more positive light reduces dissonance,Why are religions useful?,Integrating the four perspectives,How is each type of uncertainty alleviated by religion?,Informational uncertainty: the purview of reactive approach motivation and compensatory control,Personal uncertainty: the purview of uncertainty identity and system justification,Future directions for this field,Considering religion’s influence on uncertainty,Conducting cross-cultural investigations,The relationship between uncertainty and religious fundamentalism,Increasing uncertainty may lead to increasing fundamentalism,Increasing uncertainty may lead to increasing support for the status quo,Resolving the apparent conflict,Conclusion,References,18 Cosmic Dad or Cthulhu: why we will always need (religious) absolutes,Anxiety gives rise to the (religious) Absolute,Kierkegaard and cosmic horror,Anxiety dissolves the (religious) Absolute,Freud and cosmic delusions,Anxiety gives rise to and dissolves (any) Absolute,Camus and absurd heroes,Neuroscience of the Absolute,Your brain is a meaning-making machine,Your brain is a meaning-maintenance machine,Anxiety is everywhere,The eternal recurrence of the Absolute,References,19 Religiousness and meaning making following stressful life events,The meaning making model,Religiousness and global meaning,Religion and meaning in stressful life circumstances,Religiousness and initial appraisals of stressful events,Religiousness and discrepancy/distress,Religiousness and meaning making coping,Religiousness and meanings made,Changes in appraised meaning,Changes in global meaning,Religiousness and stress-related growth,Future directions in research on religiousness and meaning making,References,Further reading,20 Meaning, religious/spiritual struggles, and well-being,Overview of the positive psychology of religions and spirituality,The mixed blessing of supernaturalism,R/S struggles,Divine struggle,Demonic struggle,Interpersonal struggle,Moral struggle,Doubt struggle,Ultimate meaning struggle,Review of recent research relating R/S struggles to well-being and R/S meaning,Potential for growth and spiritual maturity,Conclusion,References,Further reading,21 In his own image: an existential evolutionary perspective on the origins and function of religion,Terror-management theory’s perspective on religion,Integrating terror management and evolutionary perspectives on religion,Theory of mind,Fear and anxiety,Disgust,Inability to imagine nonexistence,Mind–body dualism,Elaborating concepts of powerful deities to transcend death,Conceptual metaphor,Moral intuitions,Social aspects of religion,Religion as social signal,Evangelism, missionary activity, and the spreading of religious beliefs,Religious specialization and social power,Social cohesion and summing up,The costs of religion,Concluding thoughts,References,Further reading,22 Fear not: religion and emotion regulation in coping with existential concerns,Forms of coping with fear of death,Religion and problem-focused coping with fear of death,Belief in supernatural beings,The afterlife and mind–body dualism,Human uniqueness,Summary,Religion and emotion-focused coping with fear of death,Selecting emotion-focused coping,Perceived control,Resources,Enacting emotion-focused coping,Beliefs,Emotion goals,Strategies,Cognitive reappraisal,Rumination,Distraction,Acceptance,Summary,Religion and coping with fear of death: reinterpreting existing findings,Conclusion,References,Further reading,23 Existential givens, religion, and neuroscience,Death awareness,The neuroscience of death awareness,Death awareness and religion,Freedom, choice, and responsibility,Freedom and neuroscience,Freedom and religion,Isolation,Neuroscience of isolation,Isolation and religion,Meaning,Religion, neuroscience, and meaning,A goal perspective on meaning and religion,Conclusion,Outlook,References,24 The existential implications of individual differences in religious defensive and growth orientations: fundamentalism, q...,The existential function of religion,Religious orientations: maintaining faith and managing existential concerns,The fundamentalist orientation,The religious quest orientation,The conventional religious orientations,Conclusion,References,25 Existential therapy, religion, and mindfulness,Introduction,Understanding mindfulness,Defining mindfulness and variations of mindfulness,Research on mindfulness,Comparison between mindfulness and existential-humanistic psychology,Here-and-now focus,Accepting and exploring emotions and their meaning,Embodied meditation,The ego and self in existential psychology and mindfulness,Quieting the ego,Ego, self-esteem, and self-acceptance in existential psychology and mindfulness,The self in existential psychology,The role of meaning,Conclusion,References,Further reading,26 Science and religion: a rocky relationship shaped by shared psychological functions,Science and religion: a brief history,Science and religion: key shared functions,Need for explanation,Need for control,Need for existential meaning,Differences in processes: assumptions and biases,Science and religion in action: morality and mortality concerns,Morality,Mortality,Conclusion,References,27 Of flesh and blood: death, creatureliness, and incarnational ambivalence toward the Divine,Terror management and human corporeality,Death, creatureliness, and incarnational ambivalence toward the Divine,Dehumanization and objectification of women,Conclusion,References,28 Religion: more essential (and existential) nutrient than opiate for the masses,Motivating religion,The belief in an afterlife exorcizes death,Religion provides global meaning and significance,External agents are in control so we can feel free,I believe, therefore I am,Religion, morality, and identity,Religion and morality,From morality to community,Grave questions for future research,Conclusion,References,Further reading,29 Politics and religion: commutable, conflicting, and collaborative systems for satisfying the need for order,Compensatory control theory,God as a source of control and order,Secular and sociopolitical systems as a source of control and order,The substitutable nature of god and government,Symbolic alignment between sociopolitical and religious sources of control and order,Conclusion,References,30 The paradox of faith: how existential concerns motivate both prosocial and antisocial religious behaviors,Terror management and the motivational underpinnings of religion,Empirical evidence for the death-denying function of pro- and anti-social religious behaviors,Testing for the existential allure of faith,Religious tribalism as the default response to mortality salience,The moderating role of intrinsic religiosity,The curious case of fundamentalism,Who, then, follows the light?,Can religious worldviews be deinstitutionalized?,Changes at the societal level,Salient prosocial norms,Common human experiences,Cash ≠ king,Changes at the individual level,Conversion,Quest orientation,Consciousness of mortality,Conclusion,References,31 Religion and health: building existential bridges,The framework of an existential religion–health perspective,Using the awareness of mortality to bridge religion and health,Basic processes for managing awareness of mortality,Terror management health model,Death, religion, and health,Using the search for meaning to bridge religion and health,Meaning and health,Religion, meaning, and health,Using existential isolation to bridge religion and health,Religion as a solution,God as a bridge and ravine,Using freedom to bridge religion and health,Freedom and the health benefits of religion,Freedom, religion, and health behavior change,The burden of freedom,Looking forward,References,Index text Vail III, Kenneth E Author Routledge, Clay Author Kenneth E. Vail III; Clay Routledge Author book 9780128172049 1402-02-28 1402-02-30