مقایسه فطرت در عرفان اسلامی و ندای درون در معنویت جدید با تأکید بر نظرات عبدالله جوادی آملی و چارلز تیلور عبدالله جوادی آملی عبدالله جوادی آملی رضا الهی منش چارلز تیلور Arabic کلیدواژه فارسی: معنویت مدرن، فطرت، ندای درون,کلیدواژه انگلیسی: modern spirituality, fitrah, Inner voice Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction 20 1-1. Research Plan 21 1-1-1. Problem Statement 21 1-1-2. Research Objective 25 1-1-3. Research Questions 25 1-1-4. Hypotheses of the Study 25 1-1-5. Necessary Research Assumptions 26 1-1-6. Literature Review 27 1-1-7. Importance of the Research 33 1-1-8. Benefit of the Research 34 1-1-9. Research Method 35 1-2. Conceptual Framework 35 1-2-1. Spirituality 35 1-2-2. Modernity 39 1-2-3. Mysticism/Gnosis (ʿIrfān): 40 1-2-4. Inner Findings 41 1-2-4-1. Fiṭrah 41 1-2-4-2. Inner Voice 41 1-2-5. Exotericism and Esotericism 42 1-2-7. Immanent 43 1-2-8. Transcendent 44 1-3. General Investigations 44 1-3-1. A Short Introduction to Ayatollah Javadi Amoli 44 1-3-2. A Short Introduction to Charles Taylor 47 1-3-3. The Relationship between Fiṭrah and Mysticism 49 1-3-4. Charles Taylor's Relationship with Modernity 50 1-3-5. The Discussion on Fiṭrah: A Within or Without Religious Perspective 51 1-3-6. The Convergence of the Fiṭrah with the Inner Call: Possible or Impossible? 53 Chapter Two: The Essence, Characteristics and Implications of the Fiṭrah According to Abdullah Javadi Amoli from a Mystical Perspective 56 2-1. The Ways of Knowing a Human Being 57 2-2. Foundations of Javadi Amoli's Human Studies 58 2-2-1. Human Beings: Two Dimensional Beings 59 2-2-1-1. Sadra's Material Coming-into Being and Transcendence in Subsistence 61 2-2-2. A Human Being's True Genus and Differentia 63 2-2-3. Fiṭrah 65 2-2-4. Human Divine Vicegerency 66 2-2-5. Human Dignity 69 2-2-6. Free Will 69 2-3. Discussion on the Fitrah 71 2-3-1. The Personal Unity of Existence and the Fiṭrah 72 2-3-2. The Characteristics of the Fiṭrah 74 2-3-3. Innate Matters 76 2-3-3-1. Innate Knowledge 77 2-3-3-2. Innate Inclinations 79 2-3-4. Accepting Innate and Human Inclinations 83 2-3-5. Can Innate Matters be Proven? 83 2-3-6. How Can We Distinguish between Innate and Non-Innate Matters? 84 2-3-7. Innateness of Religion 85 2-3-7-1. Natural Theology and the Innate Nature 85 2-3-8. Quranic Evidence of the Existence of the Innate Nature 87 2-3-9. The Fiṭrah of Love 92 2-3-10. Fiṭrah Arguments for the Existence of God and Resurrection 97 2-3-10-1. Argument for the Existence of God 98 2-3-10-2. Argument for Resurrection (Maʿād) 101 2-3-11. Innate Alignment: The Human Soul and Divine Moral Guidance 103 2-4. Implications of the Innate Disposition 107 2-4-1. Theoretical Implications 107 2-4-1-1. The Interconnectedness of Self-Knowledge and Knowledge of God 107 2-4-1-2. True Knowledge 110 2-4-2. Practical Implications 111 2-4-2-1. Establishment of Justice in Society 111 2-4-2-2. True Human Freedom 113 2-4-2-3. Relationship with Others and Nature 114 2-4-2-4. The Universal Language of the Quran and Unity 115 2-4-2-5. System of Rights 117 2-4-2-6. Equality in Terms of Essence 119 2-4-2-7. Fiṭrah and Civilization 120 2-5. Conclusion 123 Chapter Three: The Essence, Characteristics and Implications of the Inner Voice in New Spirituality according to Charles Taylor 130 3-1. Taylor's Anthropology 131 3-1-1. Foundations of Charles Taylor's Philosophical Anthropology 131 3-1-1-1. Human Beings as Moral Agents 131 3-1-1-2. Inwardness 134 3-1-1-3. Self-Interpretation and the Dialogical Self 138 3-1-1-4. The Need for Recognition 140 3-1-1-5. Authenticity 142 3-1-1-6. The Immanent Frame 144 3-2. A Discussion on the Inner Voice 147 3-2-1. Characteristics of the Inner Voice 149 3-2-1-1. A Moral Compass 149 3-2-1-2. The Dialogical Nature of the Inner Voice 151 3-2-1-3. Inwardness and Self-Reflection 155 3-2-1-4. Searching for Meaning and Fullness 156 3-2-2. Inner Findings 160 3-2-2-1. The Contact Theory of Epistemology 162 3-3. The Implications of the Inner Voice 164 3-3-1. Personal Implications 165 3-3-1-1. Expressivism 165 3-3-1-2. Individualism 167 3-3-1-3. The Importance of Feelings and Emotions 170 3-3-1-4. Personal Validation 172 3-3-2. Social Implications 175 3-3-2-1. Fragmentation of the Self 175 3-3-2-2. Dialogue with Tradition 178 3-4. Inner Voice and Inwardness: Impact on New Spirituality 179 3-5. Conclusion 184 Chapter Four: A Rereading of the Fiṭrah and the Inner Voice in the Immanent/Transcendent Frames 188 4-1. Central Question 189 4-2. Convergences: Points of Alignment 189 4-3. Divergences: Critical Contrasts 190 4-4. Strengths and Weaknesses of Javadi Amoli's Ideas of the Fiṭrah 190 4-4-1. Strengths of Javadi Amoli's Concept of the Fiṭrah 190 4-4-2. Weaknesses of Javadi Amoli's Concept of the Fiṭrah 191 4-5. Strengths and Weaknesses of Taylor's Views on the Inner Voice 192 4-5-1. Strengths of Taylors Concept of the Inner Voice 192 4-5-2. Weaknesses of Taylor's Concept of the Inner Voice 193 4-6. Toward a Unified Understanding of Spirituality 194 4-6-1. Reconciling Universality and Individuality 194 4-6-1-1. The Fiṭrah's Universal Foundation 195 4-6-1-2. Individuality in the Inner Voice 195 4-6-1-3. A Synthesis of Universality and Individuality 195 4-6-2. Integrating Ethical Approaches 196 4-6-2-1. The Fiṭrah's Ethical Absolutes 196 4-6-2-2. The Inner Voice's Ethical Authenticity 196 4-7. From the Immanent to the Transcendent 197 4-7-1. Starting from the Immanent Frame: The Embodied Seed of Fiṭrah 197 4-7-2. Moving Toward the Transcendental: The Evolution into Spiritual Fullness 197 4-7-3. Capacities for Rereading Fiṭrah in Light of the Inner Voice 198 4-7-3-1. Crafting a Bridge between the Immanent and Transcendent 199 4-8. Rereading the Inner Voice into an Islamic Framework 203 4-8-1. Connecting the Inner Voice to the Fiṭrah 203 4-8-2. Incorporating Mystical Practices 204 4-8-3. Emphasizing Collective Responsibility 204 4-8-4. Grounding Ethical Decision-Making in Divine Guidance 204 4-8-5. Fostering Interfaith Dialogue 205 4-8-6. Transforming Potential into Actualized Knowledge 205 4-8-7. Addressing Contemporary Ethical Challenges 205 4-8. Conclusion 206 Further Research Suggestions 208 References 210, text راشد, اسماء سلطان علی حسن علی الهی منش, رضا (استادیار گروه تصوف و عرفان اسلامی دانشکده عرفان دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب) سهرابی‌فر, وحید (پژوهشگر دین و فلسفه؛ استادیار گروه فلسفه معاصر، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم، ایران.) تیلور, چارلز (Charles Taylor؛ استاد فلسفه دانشگاه مک‌گیل کانادا؛ فیلسوف سیاسی؛ فیلسوف کاتولیک مسیحی؛ پژوهشگر تاریخ فلسفه و فلسفه علوم اجتماعی؛ از جمله شارحین هگل و منتقد مدرنیته؛ صاحب کتب «اقسام ادیان امروز: دیدار مجدد با ویلیام جیمز»، «زندگی فضیلت‌مند در عصر سکولار» و «هگل و جامعهٔ مدرن»), 1931م. مونترآل، کبک، کانادا-# جوادی آملی, عبدالله (مرجع معاصر تقلید مقیم قم، فیلسوف، عارف و مفسر قرآن), 1312ش./1350ق. آمل، مازندران# Thesis